[The Newell]

did you run fuel low, or did you run OUT? Running a diesel OUT of fuel is a bad idea. They are not like gas engines, as the fuel pump and injector(s) are at least partially lubed by fuel, and can be damaged if run dry.
When you changed the fuel filter, are you sure you got all the air out of the fuel system? The start hard, run 5 minutes, and quit, sounds like there's still air in there. It sounds like that air is preventing the fueling system from picking enough fuel up out of the tank to keep the filter full, then you get a slug of air, and it shuts down. When you changed filters, are you sure you got it back together air-tight?